One of the obvious reasons for most disorders in network service provisioning is network path congestion. Congestion avoidance in today's networks is too costly and sometimes impossible. With the introduction of SDN, centralizing the equipment's control plane has become possible. This paper presents an enhanced method named ESV-DBRA to avoid congestion in multi-tenant SDN networks. At first, ESV-DBRA monitors the traffic load and delay of all network paths for each tenant individually. Then, by merging the parameters obtained from the monitoring, the Service Level Agreements (SLA), and a novel proposed cost function, it calculates the cost of the network paths per tenant. As a result, traffic for each tenant is routed through the path/paths at the lowest possible cost from the tenant's perspective. Next, the bandwidth quotas will be calculated and assigned to the tenants over their optimal routes. Afterward, whenever congestion is likely to occur in a path, ESV-DBRA automatically changes the route or bandwidth of the tenants' traffic related to this path to avoid congestion. Related algorithms are also proposed.Eventually, simulations show that the proposed method effectively increases bandwidth utilization by 10.76%.

Different types of contact, including contact between node pairs, any-contact of nodes, and contacts of the entire network, are used to characterize social relations in mobile social networks. Different modes of routing, from the point of view of message delivery semantics, encompass unicasting, multicasting, any-casting, and broadcasting. Studies have shown that using probability distribution functions of contact data, which is mainly assumed to be homogeneous for nodes, improves the performance of these networks. However, there exists an important challenge in studies on distributions. A lot of works apply the distribution of one type of contact to other types. Hence in routing applications, it causes to use of the distribution of one type of contact for any mode of routing. This study provides a complete solution to model each type of homogeneous contact data distribution and to use them in different modes of routing. We propose a routing algorithm that uses this new model. Results show that our solution improves the average latency of comparing methods Epidemic, TCCB, and DR about 3.5-times, 30%, and 45%, respectively. It achieves a delivery rate of about 5% and 6%, and average latency about 6% and 8% better than that of DR and TCCB, respectively.

Data envelopment analysis (DEA) has been proven as an excellent data-oriented efficiency analysis method when multiple inputs and outputs are present in a set of decision making units (DMUs). In conventional DEA we assume that the produced outputs are perfect. However in real applications, there are systems which their produced outputs are possibly imperfect and Defective. These outputs enter the system as inputs once again and after rebuilding, they will be completed. The present paper proposes a modification of the standard DEA model to incorporate such imperfect outputs. Numerical example is used to demonstrate the approach.

The main question of this article is what is good governance and what are its differences with bad governance? This article was compiled based on sources and library study in the field of governance . In the explanation of the article, descriptive-analytical methodology with the aim of examining two categories of Defective governance and optimal governance. The findings and conclusions show that the development and progress as well as the backwardness of any nation is rooted in the country's governance. It is the quality and function of governance that determines whether governance is desirable or Defective. Good governance requires the use of a set of policies and strategies in order to increase the efficiency and performance of the government in satisfying the people, also increasing the competition in the political and economic fields, as well as making the government more responsive and efficient and modern. Defective governance, which occurs by putting pressure on the people and imposing the desires of the rulers on different strata, causes a decrease in national satisfaction and a decrease in the performance as well as inefficiency of the government compared to other competing countries. In Defective governance, those who have more qualifications and professional competence are left aside and those who have less competence take over the administration of the country's affairs. The results of this article will be able to evaluate, guide or modify a wide range of actions needed in the field of governance in the form of recommendations and policy packages.

Monitoring and evaluation of transformers are essential to prevent their insulation failure. In this paper, the use of 2-furan-carboxaldehyde (2-FAL) and methanol (MeOH) concentrations as the main products of paper insulation degradation, and insulation condition markers, has been studied. In order to study the degradation process and production of degradation products, the thermal aging process of the transformer insulation system was implemented in laboratory conditions. The results of laboratory studies show that in the early stages of degradation the amount of MeOH is significant compared to 2-FAL. Also, the estimation of the degree of polymerization (DP) in the early stages of degradation (DP>800) through MeOH concentration and with decreasing DP (DP <800) through 2-FAL concentration is closer to the real value. The results of studies performed on 35 distribution transformers confirm the production of significant amounts of MeOH in the early stages of degradation. Also, the estimated DP values for the studied transformers were obtained through 2-FAL and MeOH concentration. The results show that estimating the amount of DP through MeOH concentration is associated with a probability of error of about 9% compared to estimating DP through 2-FAL concentration.

he Cuckoo of Faith is one of the curses who have given the Shari'a and consequently the law and the foundation of the rationale for the customer. In the event of a product being Defective, the customer will be in a position to terminate the contract and / or to obtain an order and sign the contract. By contrast, any verb and manipulation that, in the common sense of the people, imply the abandonment of obligations and obligations, will deprive them of the right to reject and commit to a transaction. One of the things that causes the right to decline is to seize it in such a way as to cause the same change. This change should be in such a way that the other is not the same as the original condition that was traded. The common sense of the mind ignores the slight changes, and any loss of the attribute of health or the adjective of perfection also accompanies the change at the same time and causes the fall of the right to reject. On the other hand, if a number of transactions are made on this basis, the customer can return the goods and cancel the transaction and cancel the transaction until it has remained in its original condition and has the possibility and ability to return to the bank. To restore.

One of the most important challenges facing governments is corruption, which includes embezzlement, fraud, rent-seeking, misuse and betrayal of the treasury. The present study, by interviewing with the eight people accused of economic corruption, seeks to investigate the most important implications that have led to economic corruption. Samples were selected with purposeful method sampling and interviewed in depth. Following the analysis of the data, the conditions and contexts leading to corruption have been extracted with the three general themes of "corrupt personalities", "unsuccessful discriminatory organizations" and "dysfunctional structures of corruption". "Negative mindset", "mindfulness", "reduction of work ethic and conscience" and "dangerous elites" have been identified as the characteristics of corrupting personalities. "Internal discrimination", "partisanship", "illegality of managers", "weak organizational structure", "incompetence", poor support and living conditions of employees ", " working conditions "and" trapping "have been extracted as various dimensions of failing organizations. "Incompetent managers", "weak enforcement", "weak monitoring systems", "corrupt network relations", "bus management" and "kinship" have also been identified as dimensions of a dysfunctional corruption structure. Corruption is intertwined as a network, meaning that none of the organizational and structural levels and personality traits of perpetrators, their will and motivation alone can cause corruption, but these levels can A network structure and an aggravating or aggravating relationship become the bedrock of committing corruption.